What are the fundamental components every programming language must have?

I’m seeking core programming fundamentals to teach my brother: variable initialization, arithmetic, printing, loops, conditionals, functions, error handling, and import. Are these essential or should more concepts be added?

hey, i think variable types and data abstractions along with memory mgmnt and even compilers (what’s behind the scenes) are ke components. curious, what did u guys find most fun and challenging while learning these? any cool insights?